Genomics and Molecular Biology

Cancer genomics study has revealed abnormalities in genes that drive the development and growth of many types of cancer. This knowledge has improved our understanding of the biology of cancer and led to new methods of diagnosing and treating the disease. Large number of mutations that drive the development and progression of many types of cancer have been identified through large-scale research studies; some tumor types have not been deeply characterized. New technologies and the knowledge gained from previous genomic studies could be used to define the full set of driver mutations in many cancers.

National Science Foundation (NSF) announces its intention to continue to support plant genome research through the Plant Genome Research Program (PGRP). Plant Genomics Research Program (PGRP) awards from the National Science Foundation (NSF) that NSF offers supplements to support research collaboration with scientist sin developing countries. The intent of Developing Country Collaborations in Plant Genome Research (DCC-PGR) awards is to support collaborative research linking U.S. researchers with partners from developing countries to solve problems of mutual interest in agriculture, energy and the environment, while placing U.S. and international researchers at the center of a global network of scientific excellence.

Stem cell, an undifferentiated cell that can partition to deliver some posterity cells that proceed as stem cells and a few cells that are bound to separate. Stem cells are a progressing wellspring of the separated cells that make up the tissues and organs of creatures and plants.

The human genome is the finished arrangement of nucleic corrosive successions for people, encoded as DNA inside the 23 chromosome combines in cell cores and in a little DNA particle found inside individual mitochondria. These are typically treated independently as the atomic genome, and the mitochondrial genome.

Clinical Genomics is the use of genome sequencing to inform patient diagnosis and care. The California Initiative to Advance Precision Medicine has just been launched, and it is being headed by UCSF’s high profile recent hire, Atul Butte.



The global market for Clinical Genomics is expected to reach USD 22.1 billion by 2020, growing at an estimated CAGR of 10.3% from 2014 to 2020, according to a new study by Grand View Research.

Genomic healthcare uses many pieces of genetic information to refine diagnoses, individualize treatments, prevent adverse drug effects, manage epidemics and develop new therapies. The incorporation of whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing into clinical practice will undoubtedly change the way genetic counselors and other clinicians approach genetic testing. Genomics play an imperative role in the field of infectious disease testing by enabling the use of fast and effective result rendering molecular diagnostic tests. Genomics based diagnostics dominated the overall market in terms of revenue at 36.4% in 2013 majorly owing to the presence of a relatively larger number of R&D programs.

Cell Biology is the investigation of cell structure and capacity, and it rotates around the idea that the cell is the principal unit of life. Concentrating on the cell allows a point by point comprehension of the tissues and life forms that cells make.

Bioinformatics the science of collecting and analyzing complex biological data such as genetic codes. Molecular medicine requires the integration and analysis of genomic, molecular, cellular, as well as clinical data and it thus offers a remarkable set of challenges to bioinformatics. Bioinformatics nowadays has an essential role both, in deciphering genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data generated by highthroughput experimental technologies, and in organizing information gathered from traditional biology and medicine. Research Centers for Bioinformatics are: National Centers for Biomedical Computing,  National Center for Simulation of Biological Structures, National Center for the Multiscale Analysis of Genomic and Cellular Networks, National Alliance for Medical Image Computing (NA MIC), National Center for Biomedical Ontology (NCBO) at Stanford University, Integrate Data for Analysis, Anonymization, and Sharing (IDASH) at the University of California, San Diego. The Canadian government is also ponying up cash for omics research, with the Canada Foundation for Innovation backing several projects as part of a C 30.4 USD million (27.6 USD million) investment in academic research. McGill University scooped the joint-biggest award for a project, C400,000 USD, to advance its single-cell genomics infrastructure.

Next generation sequencing (NGS), massively parallel or deep sequencing are related terms that describe a DNA sequencing technology which has revolutionized genomic research. The global next Generation Sequencing market is poised to grow at a CAGR of more than 20% to reach around $5.0 billion by 2020. The NGS market assessment was made based on products, technologies, end users, applications and geography.

MicroRNAs constitute a recently discovered class of non-coding RNAs that play key roles in the regulation of gene expression. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the WHO, about 12.7 million new cancer cases were reported in 2008 and the number reached 14.1 million in 2012. MicroRNAs are used as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Some of the major companies operating in the global microRNA market are Affymetrix Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Santaris Pharma A/S, Exiqon A/S, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Biogen Idec Inc., Eli Lilly and Co., Pfizer Inc., CBC Comprehensive Biomarker Center GmbH, F. Hoffman-La Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck & Co. Inc., Novartis AG and Sigma-Aldrich. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has established collaboration with Regulus Therapeutics to develop and commercialize therapeutics targeting microRNA-122 for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

First, the vast numbers of species and the much larger size of some genomes makes the entire sequencing of all genomes a non-optimal approach for understanding genome structure. Second, within a given species most individuals are genetically distinct in a number of ways. What does it actually mean, for example, to "sequence a human genome"? The genomes of two individuals who are genetically distinct differ with respect to DNA sequence by definition. These two problems, and the potential for other novel applications, have given rise to new approaches which, taken together, constitute the field of comparative genomics.

Utilitarian Genomics use incomprehensible abundance of information created by genomic transcriptomic tasks to portray quality capacities and cooperation’s. Patterns in Functional Genomics  are Affymetrix developed as an early trend-setter around there by imagining a common sense approach to examine quality capacity as a framework.

Functional genomics is a study of molecular biology that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data produced by genomic projects to describe gene functions and interactions. Functional genomic studies frequently rely on high-throughput technologies such as microarrays image and high-throughput sequencing. Trends in Functional Genomics are Affymetrix emerged as an early innovator in this area by inventing a practical way to analyze gene function as a system.

Pharmacogenomics is a piece of a field called customized solution that means to tweak human services, with choices and medications custom-made to every individual patient inside and out conceivable. Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenomics manage new developments in the field of customized meds and advancements in modified medication revelation utilizing proteome innovation.

Pharmacogenomics aims to customize health care, with decisions and treatments tailored to each individual patient in every way possible. Genomic testing is still a relatively new development in drug treatment, this field is expanding. Currently, more than 100 drugs have label information regarding pharmacogenomics biomarkers. This information is used to improve the selection and dosage of drugs to treat a wide range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, lung disease, HIV infection, cancer, arthritis, high cholesterol and depression.

Genome editing (also called gene editing) is a group of technologies that give scientists the ability to change an organism's DNA. These technologies allow genetic material to be added, removed, or altered at particular locations in the genome.

Genomic Medicine "as an emerging medical discipline that involves using genomic information about an individual as part of their clinical care (e.g., for diagnostic or therapeutic decision-making) and the health outcomes and policy implications of that clinical use." Already, genomic medicine is making an impact in the fields of oncology, pharmacology, rare and undiagnosed diseases, and infectious disease.

Biomarkers can be trademark organic properties or particles that can be distinguished and measured in parts of the body such as the blood or tissue. Biomarkers can be particular cells, atoms, or qualities, quality items, chemicals, or hormones. Atomic marker is a section of DNA that is connected with a specific area inside of the genome. Atomic markers are utilized as a part of sub-atomic science and biotechnology to distinguish a specific grouping of DNA in a pool of obscure DNA.

Microbial Genomics applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing routines, and bioinformatics to succession, gather, and dissect the capacity and structure of genomes in organisms. Amid the previous 10 years, genomics-based methodologies have profoundly affected the field of microbiology and our comprehension of microbial species. In view of their bigger genome sizes, genome sequencing endeavor on growths and unicellular eukaryotes were slower to begin than ventures concentrated on prokaryotes.. A microbial genome program based on rational priorities is needed to make strategic decisions about the appropriation and distribution of funding and resources. OpGen filed plans with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to sell 3.75 million shares in an initial public offering with the goal of securing up to $35.2 million. The Gaithersburg, Md.-based microbial genetics analysis company said it will use the money as working capital and to support increased sales and marketing efforts for its genetic tests for multidrug resistance organisms.

Proteomics is the vast scale investigation of proteins. Proteins are imperative parts of living life forms, with numerous capacities. The term proteomics was begat in 1997 in relationship with genomics, the investigation of the genome.

Genomics research holds the key to meeting many of the challenges of the coming years. At the moment, the biggest challenge is in data analysis. We can generate large amounts of data very inexpensively, but that overwhelms our capacity to understand it. The major challenge of the Genome Research is we need to infuse genomic information into medical practice, which is really hard. There are issues around confidentiality, education, electronic medical records, how to carry genomic information throughout lifespan and make it available to physicians.